Mrsilvaedu

Ivan Silva is an experienced educator and leader with over a decade of experience in communication, education, and journalism. He holds a Master of Arts in Communication Studies and several professional certifications and is currently pursuing an Ed.D. in Educational Leadership.

At Jimmy Carter Early College High School, Ivan launched the RedGoldNews Student Publications and spearheaded initiatives like the Jimmy Carter Legacy Project. He also developed a comprehensive recruitment program and led students to success in UIL regional and state competitions.

Additionally, Ivan teaches communication courses at South Texas College and UTRGV, leveraging his expertise in course design and digital marketing. His commitment to mentorship, community building, and student achievement continues to inspire young professionals.

Common Mistakes in UIL News Writing and How to Avoid Them

In UIL news writing, even small mistakes can cost you valuable points or, worse, disqualification. To help you stay on track and write compelling, competition-ready stories, here are some common pitfalls to watch out for—and how to avoid them.

1. Misusing Question Leads

While question leads can sometimes grab attention, they are often overused or misused. A question lead only works when it’s pertinent to the majority of readers. If the question is too niche or irrelevant, it risks alienating your audience. Stick to leads that provide clear, immediate information instead.

2. Using Second Person

One of the most serious mistakes you can make in UIL news writing is using second person (“you”). This makes your writing subjective, pulling readers directly into the narrative and making the piece feel informal. Remember, UIL news writing should always be objective and written in third person. Using second person can even lead to disqualification in competitions.

3. Missing the News Peg

The news peg is the most timely and important information in your story. Failing to identify and prioritize it means you’ll miss the opportunity to hook your readers from the start. Make sure the lead includes the most relevant and newsworthy information right away.

4. Stacking Quotes

Stacking quotes—placing multiple direct quotes back-to-back without transitions—can disrupt the flow of your story and confuse readers. Transitions are crucial to maintaining the flow and keeping readers engaged. Use the transition/quote formula: introduce a quote with a transition that provides context.

5. Not Using Student Quotes

Student newspapers are for students, so make sure you’re including student quotes in your stories—especially when covering topics that directly affect them. Student voices make the content more relatable and engaging for your audience.

6. Failing to Use the Transition/Quote Formula

UIL guidelines emphasize the importance of smooth transitions between quotes. Without proper transitions, your story can feel choppy and unorganized. Always use the transition/quote formula to connect ideas and drive the story forward.

7. Adding Unverified Facts

Avoid the temptation to add facts that aren’t provided in the source materials. Everything you include must be verified and accurate. Adding extra information can lead to inaccuracies that weaken your story.

8. Putting Attribution Before the Quote

The correct structure is quote first, attribution second. For example: “The event was a success,” John Smith said.Avoid putting the attribution at the beginning of the sentence, as it can make your writing feel awkward.

9. Using All Provided Information

Just because information is available doesn’t mean it needs to be included. Be selective—only use the details that are relevant and important to the story. This ensures your writing remains concise and focused.

10. Writing in Inverted-Pyramid Style

UIL news writing follows a straightforward, third-person, inverted-pyramid style. This means you should place the most important information at the top and then arrange details in descending order of importance. Master this structure before experimenting with other styles.

By avoiding these common mistakes, you’ll produce stronger, more polished stories that adhere to UIL standards and resonate with your readers. Practice makes perfect, so keep refining your skills and stay mindful of these guidelines.

UIL News Writing FAQ

  • What is the most important thing to remember about UIL news writing? The most important thing to remember is to lead with the most timely information. This means focusing on the newest, most important information in the prompt, even if it’s not the most sensational or attention-grabbing.
  • How important is finding the news peg? It is crucial to identify the news peg, which is the most current and relevant aspect of the story. The news peg is the hook that will grab the reader’s attention and keep them engaged. For example, in a story about a proposed policy change, the news peg would be the upcoming vote on the proposal, not the initial announcement of the proposal.
  • What format should I use for UIL news writing? Use the inverted pyramid format, which presents information in descending order of importance.
  • How should I structure my story? Use the transition/quote formula, where transitions introduce direct quotes and provide context for the information presented in the quotes. Transitions should be clear, concise, and powerful, driving the story forward. Do not simply stack quotes one after another.
  • What kind of lead should I use? Generally, avoid question leads unless the question is relevant to a large majority of the readers. Most of the time, a summary lead that answers the most important news questions (who, what, when, where, why, and how) is the best choice.
  • How should I use quotes? Use direct and indirect quotes effectively. Direct quotes should add credibility and color to the story. They should be placed high in the story, after the lead. Always attribute direct quotes to their source. When introducing a direct quote, lead with the first sentence of the quote, then identify the source, then provide the verb, and then finish the quote. Use the verb “said” and avoid synonyms that imply intent, unless you attribute that intent. For example, if you want to use “believes,” write “Guinn said he believes Stevenson should not be fired.”
  • How should I handle information that is not directly related to the news peg? Omit all unnecessary information and use only the information that is essential to the story. For example, background information about the school or the individuals involved should be kept to a minimum, unless it is directly relevant to the news peg.
  • What are some common mistakes to avoid? Avoid editorializing or inserting personal opinions into the story. Stick to factual reporting and attribute all opinions and judgments to sources. Make sure to fully identify all sources, including their first and last names and titles. Avoid using “Leaguetown” unless absolutely necessary for clarity. Use third-person, past tense, and follow Associated Press style. Proofread carefully for spelling, grammar, and punctuation errors. Make sure your paragraphs are short, averaging 25-35 words, and that the first word of each paragraph is different.
  • How can I make my writing flow smoothly? Use transitional words and phrases to connect ideas and guide the reader through the story. Consider repeating key words, using synonyms, and referencing facts or ideas from preceding paragraphs.
  • What other advice do you have for UIL news writing? The sources contain a lot of good advice. You should carefully review the sample stories and contest tips provided in the sources to get a better understanding of what judges are looking for.
  • Can I use second person in my story? Avoid using second-person pronouns like “you” and “your” in news stories, as this includes the reporter in the story and breaks the objectivity required for UIL news writing.
  • How important is it to use student quotes? It is very important to include quotes from students in your stories, especially if the story deals with a topic that directly affects students. Remember, you are writing for a student newspaper, so the student perspective is essential.

What is a kicker quote? End your story with a strong quote that summarizes the key takeaway or leaves a lasting impression. This is called a kicker quote and it can help create a sense of closure and emphasize the significance of the story.

Class Companion for Speech Communication – Streamlining Lesson Planning

Balancing lecture content, class discussions, and assessments can be time-consuming in my Introduction to Speech Communication course. With Class Companion, I’ve streamlined my lesson planning, using its ready-made resources and automated assessments to ensure my students consistently engage with the material.

One of the standout features of Class Companion is its ability to organize lesson plans and materials in an intuitive, easy-to-use format. Research shows that well-structured lesson plans improve student performance and better time management for teachers (Marzano, 2007). I can focus more on student interaction with Class Companion, knowing that my course materials are organized and easily accessible.

Incorporating Class Companion into your course planning process ensures you have more time to dedicate to the students and their learning needs. 

Try Class Companion using my referral code here and experience the ease of streamlining your course materials.


References:

  • Marzano, R. J. (2007). The art and science of teaching: A comprehensive framework for effective instruction. ASCD.

Getting Started With UIL News Writing

  • Understand the Inverted Pyramid Format. The inverted pyramid format is the standard for UIL news writing. It involves presenting information in descending order of importance, starting with the most timely and important information in the lead. This allows readers to quickly grasp the essential details of the story and then decide if they want to continue reading for more information.
  • Identify the News Peg. Before you begin writing, take the time to carefully read the prompt and identify the news peg. The news peg is the most newsworthy aspect of the story, the hook that will draw the reader in. It often involves a future event or decision that will be made soon after the paper is published. The news peg should be the focus of your lead, not background information or older events.
  • Write a Strong Lead. Your lead is the first impression you make on the reader, so it should be clear, concise, and compelling. It should summarize the most important information from the prompt, including the who, what, when, where, why, and how. Avoid using question leads unless the question is highly relevant to a large majority of your readers.
  • Use the Transition/Quote Formula. The transition/quote formula is a key structural element in UIL news writing. It involves using transitions to introduce direct quotes and provide context for the information presented in the quotes.
    • Transitions should be strong and clear, guiding the reader through the story and highlighting the connections between different pieces of information. They should not simply repeat information from the quote.
    • Direct quotes should add credibility and color to the story. When introducing a direct quote, lead with the first sentence of the quote, then identify the source, then provide the verb, and then finish the quote. For example: ” ‘The answer to school violence is not more guns,’ he said. ‘Bringing guns on campus is going to create an atmosphere of fear, not learning'”.
  • Attribute Information Carefully. Make sure to properly attribute all information to its source, whether you are using direct or indirect quotes. Use the verb “said” and avoid synonyms that imply intent, unless you are specifically attributing that intent to the source.
  • Prioritize Student Voices. Include quotes from students in your stories, especially when the story deals with topics that directly affect students. Remember, you are writing for a student newspaper, so the student perspective is crucial.
  • Use AP Style. Follow Associated Press (AP) style guidelines for grammar, punctuation, and capitalization. You can find AP style resources online and in most journalism textbooks.
  • Proofread Carefully. Before you submit your story, take the time to proofread carefully for any errors in spelling, grammar, punctuation, and factual accuracy. You can use the editing marks provided in [Source 86] to help you with this process.
  • Practice, Practice, Practice. The best way to improve your UIL news writing skills is to practice writing stories using the prompts provided in the sources and from past UIL contests. You can also ask your journalism teacher or a peer to review your work and provide feedback.

By following these tips and studying the sample stories provided in the sources, you’ll be well on your way to writing strong and successful UIL news stories.

UIL News Writing: A Concise Overview

UIL news writing is a specific style of news writing used in the University Interscholastic League (UIL) journalism competitions in Texas. This style emphasizes conciseness, clarity, accuracy, and objectivity. Here’s a breakdown of the key characteristics:

  • Focus on Timely Information: The most critical aspect of UIL news writing is to prioritize the most timely information, often a future event or a decision to be made shortly after the publication date. Past events and background information should be minimized unless directly relevant to the news peg.
  • Inverted Pyramid Format: The inverted pyramid structure is paramount. It presents information in descending order of importance, starting with a strong lead that summarizes the most crucial details.
  • Transition/Quote Formula: The transition/quote formula is used to weave direct quotes seamlessly into the narrative. Transitions introduce and provide context for the quotes, ensuring a smooth and logical flow of information. Avoid simply stacking quotes.
  • Objectivity and Attribution: Maintaining objectivity is crucial. All information, opinions, and judgments must be attributed to specific sources. Use “said” to attribute quotes and avoid synonyms that imply intent unless specifically attributed.
  • Concise and Precise Language: Use clear, concise language and avoid unnecessary words or phrases. Sentences and paragraphs should be short and to the point.
  • Student Focus: Since the target audience is a student newspaper readership, it’s essential to include quotes from students, particularly on topics that directly affect them.

Successfully navigating UIL news writing involves understanding these key elements and honing the ability to extract and prioritize relevant information from the provided prompt. Practice and careful study of sample stories and contest tips are essential for success.

Scope and Sequence for Teaching UIL News Writing

This scope and sequence breaks down the process of teaching UIL News Writing into manageable steps, incorporating elements from the provided sources and our conversation history.

Week 1: Foundations

  • Introduce UIL Journalism and the News Writing Contest: Begin by introducing students to the UIL Journalism program and the specific challenges and opportunities of the News Writing contest. Explain the purpose of the contest and how it differs from traditional journalistic writing.
  • Explore the Concept of Newsworthiness: Discuss what makes a story newsworthy, emphasizing the importance of timeliness, relevance, and impact. Use examples from current events and student life to illustrate these concepts.
  • Analyze Sample UIL News Writing Prompts: Provide students with a variety of sample prompts from past UIL contests. Have them read and analyze the prompts, identifying key information, the news peg, and potential angles for coverage.

Week 2: The Inverted Pyramid and Lead Writing

  • Explain the Inverted Pyramid Format: Explain the inverted pyramid format and why it’s the standard for UIL news writing. Discuss the benefits of presenting information in descending order of importance, emphasizing clarity and conciseness.
  • Practice Writing Strong Leads: Introduce different types of leads, such as summary leads, temporal clause leads, and gerund phrase leads. Provide examples of effective leads from the sources and have students practice writing leads for various scenarios.
  • Critique and Refine Leads: Have students share their leads with the class and provide constructive feedback. Focus on clarity, conciseness, accuracy, and how effectively the lead captures the essence of the story.

Week 3: The Transition/Quote Formula

  • Introduce the Transition/Quote Formula: Explain the importance of using transitions to introduce and contextualize direct quotes. Emphasize that transitions should not simply repeat information from the quote but should instead provide further context and drive the story forward.
  • Practice Writing Effective Transitions: Use examples from the sources to demonstrate how to write strong, informative transitions. Have students practice crafting transitions for a variety of quotes and scenarios.
  • Focus on Smooth Integration: Highlight the importance of seamlessly integrating quotes and transitions to create a coherent and compelling narrative. Have students read aloud their work, focusing on the flow and rhythm of the writing.

Week 4: Attribution and Objectivity

  • Discuss the Importance of Attribution: Emphasize the importance of attributing all information, opinions, and judgments to specific sources. Explain how proper attribution enhances credibility and ensures objectivity.
  • Practice Correct Attribution Techniques: Use examples from the sources to demonstrate proper attribution methods for direct and indirect quotes, paraphrases, and factual information. Have students practice writing sentences and paragraphs that demonstrate accurate attribution.
  • Emphasize Objectivity: Discuss the importance of maintaining objectivity in news writing, avoiding personal opinions, bias, and editorializing. Explain how to present information in a fair and balanced manner, even when dealing with controversial topics.

Week 5: Style, Language, and Common Errors

  • Review AP Style Guidelines: Provide students with resources on AP style and have them practice applying these guidelines to their writing.
  • Emphasize Concise and Precise Language: Discuss the importance of using strong verbs and avoiding unnecessary words or phrases. Have students practice revising sentences and paragraphs to achieve greater clarity and impact.
  • Identify Common Errors: Discuss common errors that students make in UIL news writing, such as using “Leaguetown,” stacking quotes, starting with “The School Board…”, using feature leads, adding facts not in the prompt, and forgetting to use student quotes. Provide examples of these errors and have students practice identifying and correcting them in sample writing.

Week 6: Putting it All Together – Practice and Feedback

  • Mock UIL News Writing Competitions: Conduct mock competitions using past UIL prompts, simulating the time constraints and pressure of the actual contest. Provide feedback based on the UIL judging criteria.
  • Peer Review and Editing: Encourage students to review each other’s work, providing constructive feedback on clarity, accuracy, conciseness, flow, and adherence to UIL style guidelines.
  • Individual Conferences: Meet with students individually to discuss their writing, provide personalized feedback, and address any areas where they need further support.

Week 7: Advanced Techniques and Refinement

  • Exploring Different Lead Types: Introduce more advanced lead types, such as anecdotal leads, descriptive leads, and narrative leads. Discuss when it might be appropriate to use these leads and the potential risks involved.
  • Crafting Compelling Kicker Quotes: Explain the concept of kicker quotes and how they can create a sense of closure and emphasize the significance of the story. Provide examples of effective kicker quotes and have students practice writing their own.
  • Incorporating Literary Devices: Discuss how to effectively incorporate literary devices such as imagery, metaphors, and similes to create more engaging and memorable writing.

Week 8: Polishing and Final Preparations

  • Review, Edit, and Refine: Encourage students to revisit their past work, editing and refining their stories based on feedback received and their own evolving understanding of UIL style.
  • Time Management Strategies: Discuss strategies for effective time management during the contest, emphasizing the importance of planning, outlining, and budgeting time for each stage of the writing process.
  • Stress Management Techniques: Discuss stress management techniques to help students stay calm and focused during the competition.
  • Final Mock Competition: Conduct a final mock competition to assess student progress and provide them with an opportunity to practice under pressure.

Beyond the Basics: Extension Activities

  • Analyze Professional News Writing: Have students analyze news stories from reputable publications, identifying how professional journalists apply the principles of UIL news writing.
  • Guest Speakers: Invite local journalists or UIL journalism coaches to speak to the class, sharing their insights and experiences.
  • Field Trips: Arrange field trips to local news organizations, allowing students to observe journalists at work and learn more about the news-gathering process.

Mastering UIL News Writing: A Guide for Aspiring Student Journalists

When it comes to UIL news writing, precision, conciseness, and a focus on students are key to creating compelling stories that capture both judges’ attention and your audience’s interest. Whether you’re just starting in student journalism or preparing for UIL competitions, honing these skills will make a world of difference in your writing. Let’s break down the essential elements that can help you succeed in UIL news writing and how to apply them to your practice.

Conciseness and Precision: Keep It Clear and Engaging

One of the most critical aspects of UIL news writing is the emphasis on conciseness and precision. Your job as a student journalist is to get to the point quickly while delivering a well-rounded story. In UIL competitions, judges value stories that are clear, to the end, and free of unnecessary words. According to TEA’s §110.62 TEKS for Journalism, writing should always focus on concise sentence structure and precise information delivery.

Think about it: Have you ever read a news article that felt too long-winded? It probably lost your attention, right? That’s what we want to avoid. News writing is all about keeping your reader hooked from the first word to the last.

Student-Centric Stories: Give Them a Voice

UIL news writing emphasizes giving students a voice. Your audience? Other students. So naturally, your stories should highlight student perspectives. Whether you cover campus events, sports, or academic news, weaving in student quotes is essential. This student-focused approach keeps the writing engaging and makes the content relatable to your readers.

According to TEKS §110.62, journalism must incorporate relevant quotes from sources related to the topic at hand. Who better to provide insight on school-related stories than the students themselves? Integrating quotes smoothly into your stories while ensuring they serve the article’s purpose is an essential skill for any budding journalist.

Get Ahead with UIL News Writing Guidelines

Let’s not forget that mastering UIL news writing is about understanding the University Interscholastic League (UIL) guidelines. The UIL News Manual outlines specific criteria for judging news stories, and sticking to these rules will give you an edge in competition. Consistent practice and attention to detail are vital in refining your writing to meet UIL standards.

By familiarizing yourself with these guidelines and practicing regularly, you can confidently approach UIL competitions, knowing what is expected of you. Adhering to UIL expectations will strengthen your overall writing performance, whether structuring your leads, perfecting transitions, or ensuring accuracy.

Wrapping Up: Practice, Precision, and Student-Centered Writing

As a UIL journalism student, focusing on concise language, smooth storytelling, and a student-centered approach will enhance your writing and give you a competitive edge in UIL events. Practice is essential—applying these strategies’ll develop solid and polished stories that capture your audience’s attention from the first line.

Mastering these elements of UIL news writing will be instrumental in your success as a student journalist, setting you on the path to winning in competitions and beyond.


References:

  • Hawthorne, B. (2011). The radical write (4th ed.). Jostens.
  • Slavens, J. (2011). UIL journalism training packet. University Interscholastic League.
  • Texas University Interscholastic League. (n.d.). News manual.

Diffit and Speech Communication—Creating Accessible Handouts for Dual Enrollment Students

In my Introduction to Speech Communication course, providing students with accessible resources is key to success, especially when balancing high school and college-level expectations. With Diffit, I can easily create differentiated handouts that cater to various learning styles, ensuring all students can grasp complex communication concepts.

Diffit’s ability to automatically generate tailored materials allows me to create handouts that reinforce key course content, whether I’m teaching the components of effective speech or principles of audience analysis. Research suggests that providing structured, accessible materials helps students engage with the content and improves comprehension (Titsworth, 2004). Whether printed or used digitally, these handouts allow students to review critical information at their own pace.

For any educator managing a dual enrollment course, Diffit is a valuable tool for enhancing accessibility and student understanding. Enhance your lesson planning with Diffit—automatically create differentiated learning materials in seconds! Sign up using my referral link here and experience the ease of personalized instruction.


References:

  • Titsworth, B. S. (2004). Students’ notetaking: The effects of teacher immediacy and clarity. Communication Education, 53(4), 305-320.

Ensuring Consistency in AP Style with Class Companion

Mastering AP Style is a crucial aspect of UIL journalism competitions. From news writing to feature stories, students must demonstrate consistency in applying AP Style across different types of writing. Class Companion simplifies the process of learning and applying these standards, making it easier for students to improve their accuracy and consistency.

1. AP Style Practice Quizzes

Class Companion offers customizable quizzes that focus specifically on AP Style rules. Students can practice everything from proper punctuation and abbreviations to capitalization and numbers. Regular quizzes help reinforce AP Style guidelines, ensuring students retain this knowledge.

2. Immediate Feedback for Quick Corrections

One of the most powerful aspects of Class Companion is the immediate feedback it provides. When students submit assignments, they can receive automatic alerts for AP Style inconsistencies, enabling them to fix mistakes before final submission. This helps build good habits over time.

3. AP Style Reference Guides

Class Companion also allows students to access AP Style reference materials directly within the platform. If a student is unsure about a specific rule, they can quickly reference it while working on their writing assignment, reducing errors and improving overall consistency.

Tip: Assign weekly AP Style practice tasks through Class Companion, focusing on different sections of the AP Stylebook each time. Students will become more confident in their writing as they consistently apply the rules in both practice and formal assignments.

Help your UIL journalism students master AP Style with Class Companion—sign up today using my referral code here and watch their writing improve!

Enhancing Story Flow with Smooth Transitions Using Class Companion

One of the key skills UIL journalism students must master is creating smooth transitions between quotes. A strong quote can fall flat if it isn’t effectively introduced or followed by a well-crafted transition. Class Companion is a fantastic resource for helping students refine this essential storytelling skill.

1. Identifying Weak Transitions

Class Companion’s writing analysis tools can help students identify weak transitions in their drafts. By reviewing feedback on the flow of their writing, students can see where abrupt shifts between quotes and narrative occur, prompting them to rework the transitions for smoother reading.

2. Practicing Transition Techniques

Class Companion provides practical exercises for mastering different transition strategies. For example, students can practice using transitional phrases, summarizing sections before introducing new quotes, and maintaining consistency in tone throughout their writing. These strategies can be directly tied to UIL journalism rubrics, where the fluidity of transitions impacts scoring.

3. Modeling Professional Examples

Students can use Class Companion to study examples of how professional journalists seamlessly transition between quotes and narrative. By reading and analyzing these models, students gain a better understanding of how transitions maintain the flow of a story without interrupting the reader’s experience.

Tip: Have students use Class Companion’s peer review feature to provide constructive feedback on each other’s transitions. This encourages collaborative learning and helps students identify what works well in their peers’ writing.

Enhance your students’ transition techniques with Class Companion—sign up using my referral code here and elevate their story flow in UIL journalism competitions!

Enhancing Interpersonal Communication with Class Companion’s Interactive Activities

In my Interpersonal Communication course, fostering meaningful class interactions is critical to developing students’ practical communication skills. Class Companion provides a range of interactive activities that allow students to practice and apply what they’ve learned in a real-world context, from nonverbal communication to conflict resolution.

Interactive learning has been shown to improve comprehension and retention (Prince, 2004). Integrating Class Companion’s activities into my course makes students more engaged in the learning process. Whether we’re discussing active listening or emotional intelligence, Class Companion’s resources enable me to reinforce these concepts through guided discussions, group work, and reflection activities.

Class Companion’s tools are invaluable for any educator looking to boost classroom participation and deepen student understanding. 

Sign up using my referral code here to explore how it can enhance your students’ learning experience.


References:

  • Prince, M. (2004). Does active learning work? A review of the research. Journal of Engineering Education, 93(3), 223-231.

Incorporating Duolingo for Schools into Professional Communication: A Path to Supporting TEKS, TELPAS, and ELA

As educators look for innovative ways to support language proficiency in the classroom, Duolingo for Schools(https://schools.duolingo.com) offers a dynamic, engaging platform that can seamlessly integrate into a Professional Communication class. By incorporating the Intermediate English Program, educators can enhance students’ reading and speaking skills while aligning with key standards like the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS), the Texas English Language Proficiency Assessment System (TELPAS), and English Language Arts (ELA)objectives.

Supporting TEKS through Duolingo

The TEKS for Professional Communication emphasize developing students’ ability to comprehend and communicate effectively, both verbally and in writing. Duolingo’s interactive lessons, which combine reading, writing, and speaking tasks, are an ideal tool to support these objectives. Research shows that game-based learning and interactive platforms like Duolingo can increase student motivation and learning outcomes by providing immediate feedback and personalized pacing (Clark et al., 2016). By incorporating Duolingo’s Intermediate English lessons into daily activities, students can work on key TEKS skills such as understanding complex texts and communicating ideas clearly and effectively.

For example, students can use Duolingo’s reading modules to practice comprehending short passages, answering comprehension questions, and discussing the material in class, directly aligning with TEKS standards related to reading comprehension and critical thinking.

Enhancing Speaking Skills with TELPAS

For English Language Learners (ELLs), TELPAS assesses progress in language proficiency, particularly in speaking and listening. Duolingo’s speaking exercises allow students to practice speaking English in a low-pressure, interactive environment. By completing these exercises regularly, students can build confidence in their oral language skills, which is crucial for success on the TELPAS speaking assessments.

A study by Gonulal (2020) highlights the benefits of digital language learning platforms like Duolingo for improving oral proficiency, particularly for ELLs. The structured speaking practice provided by Duolingo enables students to focus on correct pronunciation, sentence structure, and fluency, which are critical components of the TELPAS speaking rubric.

Building Reading and Comprehension for ELA Success

Incorporating Duolingo into a Professional Communication class can also support ELA objectives, which require students to analyze, interpret, and evaluate written texts. Duolingo’s Intermediate English lessons offer rich opportunities for students to engage in reading comprehension tasks that range from vocabulary building to understanding context and main ideas.

Duolingo’s adaptive learning technology adjusts the difficulty of reading materials based on student performance, ensuring that each student is working at the appropriate level. According to a meta-analysis by Means et al. (2014), adaptive learning tools improve student outcomes by personalizing instruction to individual learning needs. Using Duolingo in conjunction with classroom discussions and activities provides students with a well-rounded approach to mastering both reading and communication skills, ensuring they are prepared to meet ELA standards.

Integrating Duolingo into Classroom Activities

In a Professional Communication class, Duolingo can be incorporated as both a formative assessment tool and a classroom activity. For example:

  • Speaking Activities: After completing Duolingo’s speaking exercises, students can participate in class discussions or presentations, using the vocabulary and phrases they’ve practiced.
  • Reading Assignments: Teachers can assign Duolingo reading passages as homework or in-class activities, followed by group discussions to analyze and evaluate the material.
  • Progress Monitoring: Teachers can track student progress using Duolingo’s built-in tracking tools, allowing for targeted interventions based on individual needs.

This integration helps meet TEKS, TELPAS, and ELA requirements by providing a well-rounded, engaging platform that enhances language learning.

Conclusion

Educators can support student progress in critical areas such as reading, speaking, and comprehension by incorporating Duolingo for Schools into a Professional Communication class. The platform’s engaging, adaptive approach aligns with state standards like TEKS, TELPAS, and ELA while also offering students the opportunity to build essential communication skills in an interactive, meaningful way. For teachers looking to enhance language instruction, Duolingo is a valuable tool that fosters student success.


References:

  • Clark, D. B., Tanner-Smith, E. E., & Killingsworth, S. S. (2016). Digital games, design, and learning: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 86(1), 79-122.
  • Gonulal, T. (2020). The Use of Duolingo in the Language Classroom: Insights from Students’ Perceptions. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 49(2), 145-165.
  • Means, B., Bakia, M., & Murphy, R. (2014). Learning online: What research tells us about whether, when, and how. Routledge.

Brisk’s “Change Levels” Feature – Tailoring Content for Every Student

Differentiating instruction is one of the most effective ways to meet the diverse needs of students in the classroom. Brisk’s “Change Levels” feature offers a powerful solution by converting any online text into a Google Doc that adjusts reading levels, translates the content into another language, or both. This flexibility ensures that all students can access and engage with classroom materials, no matter their proficiency.

Research shows that providing reading materials at varying difficulty levels significantly improves comprehension (Tomlinson, 2001). Brisk’s “Change Levels” feature allows teachers to tailor content based on individual student needs, ensuring the content remains accessible and challenging. Moreover, by translating materials for English Language Learners (ELLs), Brisk helps bridge language gaps, supporting bilingual education models that have been proven to enhance language development and content mastery (Cummins, 2000).

For any teacher looking to make their classroom more inclusive, Brisk’s “Change Levels” is an invaluable tool that ensures every student can learn at their own pace.

Streamline your teaching and engage your students with Brisk—sign up using my referral link here and discover how Brisk can transform your classroom!


References:

  • Cummins, J. (2000). Language, power, and pedagogy: Bilingual children in the crossfire. Multilingual Matters.
  • Tomlinson, C. A. (2001). How to differentiate instruction in mixed-ability classrooms. ASCD.

Using Class Companion to Develop Strong, Compelling Leads in Student Journalism

In UIL journalism, the lead of a story is crucial—it grabs the reader’s attention and sets the tone for the entire piece. But for many students, developing strong, compelling leads can be challenging. This is where Class Companion becomes a valuable tool.

1. Analyzing Examples with Class Companion

Class Companion’s vast repository of writing examples can help students analyze what makes a strong lead. By comparing different types of leads—straightforward news leads, feature leads, and creative hooks—students can better understand how to tailor their leads based on the story’s purpose.

2. Guided Practice in Lead Writing

Class Companion allows students to practice writing leads based on different scenarios or prompts. For instance, students can be assigned breaking news events, human interest stories, or sports recaps and then use Class Companion to draft their leads. The platform’s feedback tools can provide immediate insights into clarity, engagement, and effectiveness, allowing students to revise their work in real-time.

3. Peer Collaboration and Feedback

Class Companion also enables students to share their work with peers for feedback. By reviewing each other’s leads, students learn to identify compelling opening sentences and work together to refine their techniques.

Tip: Encourage students to use Class Companion to generate multiple lead options for a single story and then evaluate which one best captures the essence of the event.

Try Class Companion to improve your students’ lead-writing skills using my referral code here and start crafting compelling journalism today!

Brisk’s “Boost Activities” Feature – Making Learning Interactive

In today’s education landscape, engaging students through interactive lessons is key to fostering deeper understanding. Brisk’s “Boost Activities” feature allows teachers to transform any online resource into an interactive learning experience, making lessons more dynamic and meaningful.

Interactive learning is widely recognized as an effective instructional strategy. A meta-analysis by Hake (1998) demonstrated that students in active learning environments show greater improvements compared to traditional classrooms. Brisk’s “Boost Activities” feature supports this by incorporating quizzes, polls, and multimedia elements into lessons, encouraging students to engage directly with the material. This hands-on approach aligns with constructivist theories, which suggest that students construct knowledge through experience and interaction (Piaget, 1971).

For teachers looking to increase engagement and understanding in the classroom, Brisk’s interactive tools are a must-have for turning passive learning into active exploration.

Streamline your teaching and engage your students with Brisk—sign up using my referral link here and discover how Brisk can transform your classroom!


References:

  • Hake, R. R. (1998). Interactive-engagement versus traditional methods: A six-thousand-student survey of mechanics test data for introductory physics courses. American Journal of Physics, 66(1), 64-74.
  • Piaget, J. (1971). Biology and knowledge: An essay on the relations between organic regulations and cognitive processes. University of Chicago Press.

Eclectic Vibes: A Journey Through Funk, Soul, and Beyond

The “Eclectic Vibes” playlist represents a rich tapestry of sounds, rhythms, and cultures, weaving together funk, soul, jazz, and alternative styles. As an ethnomusicologist, the significance of this playlist extends beyond the music itself, serving as a lens through which we can observe the cultural, historical, and social dynamics that shaped the development of these genres. Each artist in this collection contributes to the evolving story of modern music, tracing roots back to African-American traditions, global influences, and the cross-cultural exchanges that continually reshape popular music.

Funk and Soul: The Rhythmic Backbone

At the core of this playlist are funk and soul, genres that originated in the African-American communities of the United States during the 1960s and 70s. Funk, led by artists like James Brown and George Clinton, emphasized groove, rhythm, and the “one” beat (the first beat of the measure). At the same time, soul music, with icons like Aretha Franklin and Marvin Gaye, focused on emotion, spirituality, and the depth of the human voice.

The inclusion of tracks like Roy Ayers’ “Everybody Loves the Sunshine” and Shuggie Otis’ “Strawberry Letter 23” signals the enduring influence of this golden era. Ayers, a key figure in jazz-funk, pioneered a fusion of jazz improvisation with the structured grooves of funk. His music resonates with Black empowerment and unity themes, often carried by mellow yet infectious rhythms. With his psychedelic soul, Otis captured the experimental spirit of the 70s, blending lush arrangements with deeply personal lyrics.

The soul and funk influence can also be heard in contemporary acts like Khruangbin and Moonchild. Khruangbin, known for its laid-back grooves, draws inspiration from the 60s and 70s Thai funk, illustrating the global migration of funk rhythms. This cross-cultural connection showcases how ethnomusicologists often examine how styles travel and transform across borders, absorbing regional characteristics while maintaining their original essence.

Jazz and Its Evolutionary Path

Jazz is another significant thread running through this playlist, especially in the works of artists like Pharoah Sanders and BADBADNOTGOOD. Sanders’ “The Creator Has a Master Plan” is a spiritual jazz masterpiece, incorporating African and Middle Eastern influences into the improvisational jazz tradition. His collaboration with John Coltrane and deep exploration of avant-garde jazz reflects how jazz continually evolves, incorporating various cultural elements.

The modern, experimental approach of BADBADNOTGOOD brings jazz into the 21st century. This Canadian quartet takes jazz’s improvisational foundation and fuses it with hip-hop, electronica, and alternative rock. Their track “Time Moves Slow,” featuring Sam Herring (of Future Islands), exemplifies how jazz can remain fluid and adaptive, inviting collaborations that expand its boundaries.

Jazz, like funk and soul, has roots in the African-American experience. Still, its ability to absorb global influences makes it a genre deeply studied in ethnomusicology for its role in cultural exchange and hybridization.

Indie and Alternative Sounds: Bridging the Old and the New

Artists like Toro y Moi, Blood Orange, and King Krule bridges the gap between traditional funk, soul, and jazz with indie and alternative influences. These artists offer a more introspective, sometimes cynical take on these genres, often through the lens of personal identity and socio-political commentary.

Blood Orange (Dev Hynes), for instance, creates music that delves into themes of Black identity, queer representation, and personal trauma. His blending of 80s R&B, funk, and minimalist electronic production reflects the diversity of influences that define contemporary Black music, reminding us that genres are rarely static—constantly being redefined by the social and cultural contexts in which they are created.

Toro y Moi, a pioneer of the chillwave genre, further pushes the boundaries of funk and soul, blending lo-fi electronics with smooth, funky basslines and dreamy vocals. His music exemplifies how genres traditionally associated with physicality and groove (like funk) can be softened into introspective, ambient forms, showing the malleability of genre conventions.

Cross-Cultural Influences and Global Connections

A fascinating dimension of this playlist is its demonstration of how musical styles and ideas travel across cultures. Fela Kuti’s “Water No Get Enemy” is a prime example of Afrobeat, a genre he pioneered by blending American funk and jazz with West African highlife and traditional rhythms. This merging of African and American musical traditions underscores the transatlantic cultural exchanges that have long shaped music.

Similarly, Joni Haastrup, often called Nigeria’s “Soul Brother No. 1,” brings a unique Afro-soul sound that resonates deeply with funk and soul traditions while reflecting the political and social landscape of 1970s Africa.

Ethnomusicologists study how music functions as a vehicle for cultural identity and expression, and the international contributions of artists like Fela Kuti show how genres born in one context can inspire movements worldwide.

Electro-Soul and Future Grooves: A New Frontier

The playlist also highlights the emergence of electro-soul, a genre incorporating electronic production into the traditional soul format. Artists like Flying Lotus and José James push the boundaries of what soul and jazz can sound like in the digital age.

Flying Lotus’s experimental electronic compositions fuse jazz, hip-hop, and IDM (intelligent dance music), creating a sound that feels simultaneously organic and futuristic. Ethnomusicologists would likely observe how his music departs from the analog production methods of early soul and funk, embracing technology as a core element of modern music-making.

Conclusion: A Diverse and Fluid Musical Landscape

“Eclectic Vibes: A Journey Through Funk, Soul, and Beyond” takes listeners through decades and across continents, illustrating how musical traditions are never static but are continually shaped by social, cultural, and technological shifts. For ethnomusicologists, this playlist provides a rich case study of how genres evolve through cultural exchange, experimentation, and adaptation.

Each artist in this playlist represents a unique fusion of influences, whether it’s the Afrobeat rhythms of Fela Kuti, the psychedelic soul of Shuggie Otis, or the electro-jazz explorations of Flying Lotus. The connections between these artists, whether through shared genres or a shared spirit of innovation, demonstrate how music functions as a dynamic, cross-cultural language that transcends boundaries while staying rooted in local traditions.

Lesson Plan: Public Speaking and Overcoming Speech Anxiety Using The King’s Speech (2010)

Course: Introduction to Speech Communication (SPCH 1311)

Lesson Focus: Public Speaking, Overcoming Speech Anxiety, Verbal Communication
Duration: 2 Class Periods (50 minutes each)
Textbook Chapters: Chapter 9: Preparing a Speech, Chapter 10: Delivering a Speech
TEKS for Professional Communication: §130.99. Professional Communication TEKS

  • (1) The student demonstrates professional standards/employability skills.
  • (2) The student applies oral and written communication skills.
  • (3) The student demonstrates effective public speaking and group communication skills.

Objectives:

  • Students will learn to recognize and apply strategies for overcoming speech anxiety.
  • Students will understand the role of verbal communication in public speaking, including delivery techniques such as tone, pitch, and pace.
  • Students will analyze how personal growth can influence public speaking skills.
  • Students will demonstrate their ability to prepare and deliver a speech by applying the techniques discussed in the film and textbook.

Materials:

  • Film: The King’s Speech (2010)
  • Textbook: Communication in the Real World (Chapters 9 & 10)
  • Handouts on speech anxiety techniques and public speaking delivery
  • TEA TEKS alignment reference sheet

Day 1: Film Screening and Discussion (50 Minutes)

Introduction (10 minutes):

  1. Begin with a brief discussion on speech anxiety and verbal communication. Ask students to reflect on personal experiences where they felt nervous about speaking in public.
  2. Introduce the film: Explain that The King’s Speech illustrates the journey of King George VI as he overcomes speech anxiety to become a confident public speaker and how the film connects to their textbook readings on speech preparation and delivery.

Film Screening (30 minutes):

  1. Play key scenes from The King’s Speech (especially scenes showing speech therapy sessions and his final speech), focusing on how the protagonist learns to control his anxiety and improve his verbal communication.
    • Key Scenes: First therapy session, discussion of fear of speaking, practice exercises, final speech.

Guided Discussion (10 minutes):

  1. Ask students to identify moments in the film where King George VI’s anxiety is evident and the techniques used by his speech therapist to overcome it.
  2. Lead a discussion on how the film illustrates key concepts from Chapters 9 and 10:
    • What strategies did King George VI use to manage his anxiety?
    • How did his confidence grow, and how did it affect his speech delivery?
    • How do these strategies compare to what is outlined in Chapter 9 about preparing a speech?

Homework:

  • Reading: Ask students to review Chapters 9 and 10 of their textbook, focusing on strategies for preparing and delivering speeches.
  • Reflection: Have students write a one-page reflection on the film, focusing on a particular technique for overcoming speech anxiety and how it can be applied to their own experience.

Day 2: Applying Concepts and Public Speaking Activity (50 Minutes)

Introduction and Recap (10 minutes):

  1. Recap key points from the previous day’s film screening and discussion.
  2. Review textbook content from Chapter 9 (Preparing a Speech) and Chapter 10 (Delivering a Speech), focusing on practical strategies for effective public speaking and anxiety management.

Speech Anxiety Techniques Workshop (15 minutes):

  1. Distribute handouts on techniques for managing speech anxiety (e.g., deep breathing, visualization, preparation tips).
  2. Conduct a brief anxiety-reducing activity such as controlled breathing or visualization.
  3. Discuss the importance of preparing both mentally and physically before delivering a speech, tying it to the techniques used by King George VI in the film.

Practice Speeches (20 minutes):

  1. Assign a short speech: Have students prepare and deliver a 1-minute impromptu speech on a topic of their choice, incorporating techniques for managing anxiety discussed in the previous lesson and in the film.
    • Criteria: Encourage students to focus on verbal communication techniques such as tone, pitch, and pace, and to apply anxiety management strategies.
  2. Peer Feedback: After each speech, peers will provide positive and constructive feedback, focusing on how the speaker overcame anxiety and their use of verbal communication techniques.

Conclusion and Wrap-Up (5 minutes):

  1. Summarize the key concepts learned from the film and textbook, focusing on how preparation and delivery are critical to overcoming public speaking challenges.
  2. Ask students to reflect on their performance and consider areas for improvement in future public speaking assignments.

Assessment:

  • Formative: Reflection on The King’s Speech and how speech anxiety is portrayed and overcome.
  • Summative: 1-minute impromptu speech graded on delivery, application of anxiety-reducing techniques, and verbal communication as per the TEKS and textbook guidelines.

TEA TEKS Alignment:

  • §130.99(c)(1): Students apply professional standards and demonstrate communication skills in a structured setting (public speaking).
  • §130.99(c)(2): Students analyze and use verbal and nonverbal communication in public speaking activities.
  • §130.99(c)(3): Students demonstrate preparation and delivery techniques in a public speaking context, focusing on overcoming challenges such as speech anxiety.

References:

  • TextbookCommunication in the Real World (Chapters 9 & 10)
  • TEA TEKS: §130.99. Professional Communication
  • FilmThe King’s Speech (2010)

Brisk simplifies the process of creating detailed lesson plans and teaching materials, allowing educators to quickly generate tailored resources like the one above. From structured lessons to interactive activities, Brisk ensures that your content is engaging, aligned with learning objectives, and easy to implement. Enhance your lesson planning with Brisk—automatically create differentiated learning materials in seconds! Sign up using my referral link here and experience the ease of personalized instruction.

Brisk’s “Boost Activities” Feature: Making Lessons Interactive and Engaging

Engaging students in the learning process is essential for deep understanding and retention. With Brisk’s “Boost Activities” feature, teachers can turn any online resource into an interactive learning experience, enhancing student participation and comprehension. By transforming static lessons into dynamic, hands-on activities, Brisk makes it easier for students to engage with the material meaningfully.

Interactive Learning and Student Engagement

Research shows that active learning, where students engage directly with the material, significantly improves understanding and retention (Prince, 2004). By allowing educators to convert online resources into interactive activities, the “Boost Activities” feature supports this approach. Interactive elements, such as quizzes, polls, and discussions, can increase engagement and motivate students to participate actively in their learning (Mayer, 2014). This feature also aligns with constructivist theories of education, which suggest that students build knowledge more effectively through hands-on experiences (Piaget, 1971).

Enhancing Comprehension Through Interactive Tools

Interactive learning tools help students process information deeper, improving comprehension and application. According to Hake (1998), students in interactive classrooms show better learning gains than traditional lecture-based environments. Brisk’s “Boost Activities” feature enables teachers to create these interactive environments effortlessly. Whether integrating quizzes directly into the reading or using multimedia to explain complex topics, the feature helps break down concepts into more digestible parts.

Support for Differentiated Learning

One of the significant advantages of turning lessons into interactive experiences is the ability to cater to diverse learning styles. Research by Gardner (1983) highlights the importance of multiple intelligences, emphasizing that students learn differently—some through visuals, others through hands-on activities or auditory experiences. Brisk’s feature allows educators to include various media types—videos, images, and interactive quizzes—that cater to different learning preferences, ensuring that all students can engage with the material in a way that works best for them.

Conclusion

Brisk’s “Boost Activities” feature provides an innovative solution for increasing student engagement and improving comprehension. Educators can create a more dynamic classroom experience that fosters active learning and deeper understanding by converting static resources into interactive lessons. Supported by research, this tool empowers teachers to reach students in new and meaningful ways, enhancing the overall learning experience.

Streamline your teaching and engage your students with Brisk—sign up using my referral link here and discover how Brisk can transform your classroom!


References:

  • Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. Basic Books.
  • Hake, R. R. (1998). Interactive-engagement versus traditional methods: A six-thousand-student survey of mechanics test data for introductory physics courses. American Journal of Physics, 66(1), 64-74.
  • Mayer, R. E. (2014). The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning. Cambridge University Press.
  • Piaget, J. (1971). Biology and knowledge: An essay on the relations between organic regulations and cognitive processes. University of Chicago Press.
  • Prince, M. (2004). Does active learning work? A review of the research. Journal of Engineering Education, 93(3), 223-231.

Google’s NotebookLM: Transforming Dual Enrollment Instruction with AI

As more high school students participate in dual enrollment courses, educators face the challenge of bridging the gap between high school and college-level expectations. Google’s NotebookLM, an AI-powered tool, offers innovative solutions to help teachers create engaging and accessible resources that enhance student learning. With features designed for content creation and academic support, NotebookLM can simplify complex tasks like generating audio podcasts for lesson previews and creating guided notetaking aids to support students’ comprehension of college-level materials.

Lesson Previews through Audio Podcasts

One of the most effective ways to engage dual enrollment students is by offering lesson previews in formats that appeal to them. Using NotebookLM, educators can easily generate content for audio podcasts, which can be used as lesson previews to introduce upcoming topics. Research shows that podcasts as an instructional tool can increase student engagement and retention, particularly when students consume content in flexible formats (Hew, 2009). These audio lessons allow students to preview complex materials before diving into their textbooks, fostering a better understanding of key concepts.

NotebookLM assists educators by organizing lecture notes, identifying main topics, and converting them into concise summaries that can be used as scripts for audio podcasts. This streamlines the process of producing high-quality lesson previews, ensuring that students are better prepared to engage with the material in class.

Guided Notetaking for College-Level Texts

Dual enrollment students often struggle with the increased reading demands of college-level courses. To support comprehension, educators can use NotebookLM to generate guided notetaking templates. Guided notetaking has been shown to improve student performance by helping learners focus on essential information and organize their thoughts while reading challenging material (Boyle & Weishaar, 2001).

Using NotebookLM, teachers can input their college-level textbooks, and the AI will generate tailored note guides that highlight key concepts, questions, and summary points. This approach not only helps students better understand their reading but also teaches them critical study skills that will benefit them throughout their academic careers. Research suggests that structured notetaking improves retention and comprehension, particularly in students transitioning to more rigorous academic environments (Titsworth, 2004).

Supporting High School to College Transitions

As more high school students take on dual enrollment coursework, it’s essential to provide them with the tools needed to succeed in both high school and college. Google’s NotebookLM offers a way to support these students by simplifying lesson delivery and enhancing their study strategies. By incorporating AI-driven tools like NotebookLM, educators can create learning experiences that not only bridge academic gaps but also help students develop critical thinking and self-directed learning skills.

For teachers looking to make their dual enrollment courses more accessible and engaging, NotebookLM’s ability to generate podcasts, guided notes, and summaries provides valuable support. The AI-driven functionality offers both teachers and students the flexibility needed to adapt to the demands of higher education.


References:

  • Boyle, J. R., & Weishaar, M. (2001). The effects of strategic notetaking on the recall and comprehension of lecture information for high school students with learning disabilities. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 16(3), 133-141.
  • Hew, K. F. (2009). Use of audio podcast in K-12 and higher education: A review of research topics and methodologies. Educational Technology Research and Development, 57(3), 333-357.
  • Titsworth, B. S. (2004). Students’ notetaking: The effects of teacher immediacy and clarity. Communication Education, 53(4), 305-320.

How Brisk Transformed My Classroom

As an educator, finding efficient tools to manage assignments, provide personalized feedback, and support differentiated instruction is essential for student success. In my experience, Brisk has played a transformative role in streamlining my teaching process while enhancing student engagement.

One of the most significant impacts of using Brisk is the ability to streamline assignments and offer engaging feedback. Research shows timely, actionable feedback is critical to student learning outcomes (Hattie & Timperley, 2007). Brisk has made this possible by allowing me to provide students with prompt and meaningful feedback, which helps them reflect on their progress and fosters richer classroom discussions. These conversations around feedback have been shown to promote deeper understanding and higher-level thinking (Shute, 2008).

Additionally, Brisk has greatly facilitated revising and updating my syllabi and class assignments. This flexibility allows me to keep materials relevant and responsive to my students’ dynamic needs. A study by Means, Bakia, and Murphy (2014) highlighted the importance of regularly updating course materials to align with student needs and technological advancements—something that Brisk makes seamless.

What I find particularly valuable is Brisk’s ability to support differentiated instruction. By using multi-level instructional assignments, I can tailor tasks to meet my students’ diverse learning needs. Differentiated instruction has been shown to improve student performance and motivation by addressing individual learning styles and abilities (Tomlinson, 2001). With Brisk, I can implement these strategies effectively, ensuring each student receives the personalized attention they need.

For any educator seeking to improve efficiency and elevate student engagement, I highly recommend trying Brisk. The tool simplifies classroom management and aligns with research-backed strategies for improving student learning and differentiation.

Streamline your teaching and engage your students with Brisk—sign up using my referral link here and discover how Brisk can transform your classroom!

References:

  • Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). The power of feedback. Review of Educational Research, 77(1), 81-112.
  • Means, B., Bakia, M., & Murphy, R. (2014). Learning online: What research tells us about whether, when, and how. Routledge.
  • Shute, V. J. (2008). Focus on formative feedback. Review of Educational Research, 78(1), 153-189.
  • Tomlinson, C. A. (2001). How to differentiate instruction in mixed-ability classrooms. ASCD.
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